Under which conditions can officers search any person present during an arrest?

The correct answer is based on the principle that law enforcement officers are permitted to conduct a search of individuals present during an arrest when they possess probable cause related to criminal activity. This standard is grounded in the Fourth Amendment's protection against unreasonable searches and seizures.

When officers are making an arrest, they need to ensure both their safety and the safety of others in the vicinity. If they have probable cause to believe that a person may be armed or poses a threat to officer safety, they are justified in performing a search of that individual. This protective search, often referred to as a "frisk," allows officers to conduct a limited pat-down to locate weapons or items that could be used to harm them without requiring a warrant or a signed confession.

The other options do not hold the same legal weight. A signed confession is not a prerequisite for conducting a search, as probable cause is the primary standard. Suspecting someone of intoxication does not inherently relate to probable cause regarding criminal activity that would justify a search. Likewise, simply believing an individual has a prior criminal history does not provide sufficient grounds for a search unless it is accompanied by probable cause linked to current criminal activity. Thus, the justification for searching individuals present during an arrest firmly lies in the existence of