What landmark case established the principle of judicial review?

The principle of judicial review was established in the landmark case of Marbury v. Madison. This case, decided in 1803, is significant because it asserted the power of the Supreme Court to declare legislation and executive actions unconstitutional, thereby upholding the Constitution as the supreme law of the land.

Chief Justice John Marshall’s opinion in Marbury v. Madison articulated the idea that it is the duty of the judiciary to ensure that no laws violate the Constitution. This case set a precedent that empowered the judicial branch to review and invalidate government actions that conflict with constitutional provisions. Judicial review is now a fundamental aspect of the American legal system, ensuring a system of checks and balances among the branches of government.

The other cases mentioned, while also significant in their own right, do not pertain to the establishment of judicial review. Brown v. Board of Education addressed racial segregation in schools, Roe v. Wade dealt with abortion rights, and Plessy v. Ferguson involved the legality of racial segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine. None of these cases is related to the foundational authority of the Supreme Court to interpret the Constitution.