Which Amendment ensures "Due Process" and "Equal Protection" under the law?

The 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution is the pivotal amendment that ensures both "Due Process" and "Equal Protection" under the law. Ratified in 1868, the 14th Amendment addresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws, extending the protections of the Bill of Rights to encompass all individuals within the jurisdiction of the United States, not just federal entities.

The Due Process Clause, found in the 14th Amendment, prohibits state and local governments from depriving individuals of life, liberty, or property without fair legal procedures. This clause has been the basis for many landmark Supreme Court decisions that protect individual rights against arbitrary government actions.

The Equal Protection Clause, also part of the 14th Amendment, mandates that individuals in similar situations be treated equally by the law, serving as a significant foundation for various civil rights movements and legal challenges to discrimination based on race, gender, and other classifications.

In contrast, the 1st Amendment primarily addresses freedoms concerning religion, expression, assembly, and the right to petition the government, while the 8th Amendment focuses on prohibiting excessive bail, excessive fines, and cruel and unusual punishments. The 10th Amendment reserves powers not delegated to the federal government to the states and